Hindi has always had a tentative position in Singapore’s multicultural setting. In the public sphere, initially Malay, and now English, serves as the lingua franca for inter-ethnic communication. Even in the Indian community in Singapore, Hindi speakers comprise a ‘minority within a minority’ — a corollary of large-scale immigration from southern India historically, which ensured that Tamil speakers constituted the largest component of the Indian population here. Consequently, for much of Singapore‘s history, interaction in Hindi tended to be confined to “the domains of the home, for interaction with relatives … [co-ethnic] friends, and for community related uses.” That said, over the last 25 years, Hindi has emerged as the fastest-growing Indian language in Singapore, and its visibility in the public sphere now extends well beyond just the Hindi-speaking community. This chapter historicises the changing position of the Hindi language in Singapore, with a focus on developments after independence in 1965. In so doing, the chapter examines the historical development of the language in Singapore to provide context; it explains how specifi c policies adopted by the state after 1965 resulted in the near attrition of the language in the city by the late 1980s; and goes on to analyse why the language has, metaphorically, ‘risen from the ashes’ to its current position of strength.

https://www.mdpi.com/2226-471X/7/3/203

Not only does Singapore have a unique ethnic and multilingual makeup, it also boasts unique language policies, especially with regard to the learning of the official languages. Previous studies of Singaporean youths have largely focused on the differences in attitudes and code-switching between linguistic varieties (e.g. Colloquial Singapore English [Singlish] and Standard Singapore English) as well as looking at the specific languages of Singapore's multilingual community. This paper seeks to examine how Chinese-Singaporean youths differ in their perception of the benefits (general, communicative, cognitive and pragmatic) and disadvantages associated with Mandarin-English bilingualism and their Chinese-Singaporean identity. 165 Chinese-English bilingual youths from secondary schools, Polytechnics/Junior Colleges, University undergraduates and young working adults were stratified based their gender, socio-economic status and self-rated language proficiency. Our findings suggest that bilinguals' self-rated proficiency is generally the best indicator of local Chinese youths' attitudes towards Chinese-English bilingualism and identity, regardless of their current occupation, gender or socio-economic status.

While much has been written about the unique set of discourse particles in colloquial Singapore English, other discourse markers which belong to the common core of English have been neglected. This paper deals with basically, a rather recent addition to the paradigm of discourse markers which typically move along the following clines in their development: clause-internal adverbial > sentence adverbial > discourse particle; scope within the proposition > scope over the proposition > scope over discourse. This paper will use the evidence from the Singaporean subcorpus of the International Corpus of English (ICE) to trace the functions and contexts for basically and to determine whether the grammaticalization clines proposed on the basis of British English also hold for an Outer Circle variety such as Singapore English with its rich array of indigenized discourse particles.

This paper proposes the notion of choreographed multilingualism to describe the top-down dimension of Singapore's linguistic landscape. Using a range of examples of official multilingual discourse, including public signage, exhibition artefacts, and print texts, it identifies a quadrilingual constellation that reiterates across different modalities, stabilizing into a visual-spatial formula. As a semiotic feature, the quadrilingual formula is an indexical that calls up the trope of neat multilingualism, whereby the four official languages of Singapore (English, Chinese, Malay, Tamil) are construed in a relation of equilibrium and equitability, while nonofficial/nonstandard languages, language varieties, and Chinese dialects are relegated to oblivion. The trope of neat multilingualism in turn evokes a larger sociolinguistic ambiance shaped by the official language policy and the language education system in Singapore. The paper theorises this situation in respect of Michel de Certeau's spatial theory, arguing that official discourses in Singapore corroborate the multilingual "place"produced by technologies of choreography. © 2020 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston.

In a social setting where speakers with several languages interact extensively, a major source of variation in Colloquial Singapore English comes from the complex interaction between crosslinguistic influences and various social and linguistic factors. By unifying both social and linguistic aspects of the phenomenon through the use of multivariate analyses like logistic regressions and Poisson regressions, this book represents a novel approach to the study of crosslinguistic influence in Colloquial Singapore English. As multivariate analyses provide us with information regarding the relative strengths of each social and linguistic factor, they are useful tools that allow us to have a more nuanced understanding of crosslinguistic influence in contact situations. Linguistic features from a variety of linguistic domains--morphology, semantics, and discourse--will be quantified and statistical analyses will be run in R to determine the degree to which various social and linguistic factors affect the extent of crosslinguistic influence. Well-known Singlish features like the optionality of past tense and plural marking, the unique meanings of already, got, and one, and discourse particles lah, leh, and lor, are analyzed using this approach. The statistical modeling of these features is a first step towards creating a unified framework to understanding crosslinguistic influence.